Violence In Romeo And Juliet Essay -- essays research papers

Romeo and Juliet, by Shakespeare, is a play which shows how bias prompts heightening brutality. Partiality prompts viciousness appeared in the play when the quarreling families, the Montagues and Capulets, battle. For each situation, interruption, battling, wounds and passing happen. Likewise, the preference between the two families never was settled, in light of the fact that they were adversaries. The quarreling began in Act 1 Scene 1, when the Capulets and Montague hirelings went up against one another. The Capulets’ hirelings affront the Montagues and this prompts a road fight of the two families. Besides, in Act 3 Scene 1, the contempt between the families deteriorates. When Tybalt needed vengeance against the Montagues, he at that point faced Romeo and Mercutio and began a duel. What's more, the quarrel between the families deteriorated, when Tybalt executed Mercutio. Additionally, in Act 5 Scene 3, Tybalt moves Romeo to battle and Romeo executes him. The road in Verona, an open spot, is the place the fighting beginnings between the two families. In Act 1 Scene 1, Sampson and Gregory, workers for the Capulets, offended the Montagues’ hirelings, Balthasar and Abraham. This prompts a battle, which includes the Lords of the two families and the Prince. No demise happened, however the families’ mentalities against one another were more regrettable than previously. This made loathe between the families, which lead to savagery. In like way, another duel between the two quarreling families fires up, once more, in the road of Verona in Act 3 Scene 1. When Merc...

Notes on Religion Free Essays

Incineration is a higher priority than entombment where religion? a. Buddhism b. chrlstlanltyc. We will compose a custom exposition test on Notes on Religion or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now Hinduism d. Islamoc 2 The predominant part of Islam is a. Druze b. Eastern Orthodox c. Shiited. Sunni00 3. From the Russian Revolution to the tall ot the socialist government, what was the arrangement of the administration towards religion? all holy places were shut b, the old church was supplanted by Eastern Orthodoxc. houses of worship stayed open yet assumed a restricted job d. youth were urged to join in so that the could be Indoctrinated Into 4. Animists accept that a, people should finish God’s making of the Earthb. Lifeless things and atural occasions have spirits c. individuals should utilize the Earth’s assets catastrophic events are preventableO[7 5, The world’s biggest ethnic religion is a. Buddhism b. Christianityc. Hinduism d. IslamC0 The world’s biggest universalizing religion Is a, Buddhismb. Christianity c. Hinduism d, IslamC? 7. Which isn't an ethnic Asian religion? a. Buddhism b. Confucianism c. Shintoism d. DaolsmL]L] 8. Lutheranism Is a case of a Christian branchb_ group c. religion d. sectnn 9. What approach did the British follow in India? a. they isolated India into two nations they constrained the entirety of the Hindus to relocate c. hello surrendered the issue to the assembled Nationsd. they supported the abolishment ot the rank system00 10. Love in Hinduism is well on the way to happen an, In a sacred hallowed place b. as part ofa pilgrimage’c. at home d. In a pagodaClD 11, The confidence in the presence of just a single god is a. anlmlsm b. osmogonyc. monotheism d. solstlceoc 12 Roman Catholics are grouped In the LJ_S_ southwest fundamentally as a result of movement ofa. Roman Catholics from Latin America b. Roman Catholics from the upper east U. S. c. Roman Catholics trom Ireland d. Protestants toward the northCC 13. Hinduism’s station systema_ allots everybody to an unmistakable class announces the ilgrimages which ought to be taken c. subs for the absence of a heavenly book d. recognizes a family’s significant deities0C 14. A universalizing religion a. Depends on the physical characterlstlcs of a specific area on Earthb. requests to individuals living In a wide assortment of areas c. Is infrequently transmitted through evangelists d. is deliberately evolved to be a world religion0L] 15 What Is the holiest book In Hinduism? a. the Bible b. the Old Testament c. the Qurand. none of the above?0 16. The objective of the larger part ot individuals living in Northern Ireland is toa. remain part ot the United Ireland d. Join the Irish Republican Army00 The most effective method to refer to Notes on Religion, Papers

Piece Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Piece - Essay Example Despite the fact that there are other minor scope orchestras credited to Mozart’s name yet there are questions as to legitimacy. In any case, Symphony Number Forty and Symphony Number Twenty Five are minor scope ensembles both legitimately ascribed to Mozart (Zaslaw). This paper will investigate Mozart’s history, his Symphony Number Forty regarding its authentic setting and its portrayal so as to draw out the subtleties in this incredible melodic piece. Mozart’s Life and Times It would not be unjustified to term Mozart as one of the central groups of Western old style music. Mozart hailed from a period when Europe was abounding with melodic movement. Mozart was supported in his melodic undertakings at an early age by his family foundation. Wolfgang Mozart’s father, Leopold Mozart was a rehearsing artist and rushed to understand his son’s gifts right off the bat. Mozart was urged to take up music at an early age and had the option to form as right on time as five years of age. The most punctual exhibitions by Mozart depended on the violin and the piano and this left a significant solid impact on the developing Mozart later. The early works of Mozart will in general rotate around the violin and the piano in enormous part particularly his concertos. ... Mozart moved into the Austrian capital and was soon en route to acclaim in spite of the fact that Mozart’s budgetary difficulties were a long way from being done. The productive character and the nature of Mozart’s work had the option to extend him into the spotlight in Vienna and around. Be that as it may, prohibiting conditions, for example, the Austro Turk war from a similar time end up being a channel on the financial assets of Mozart’s supporters. Subsequently, Mozart wound up in a tough situation for quite a while. In the end, Mozart’s conditions started to recuperate yet the incredible writer was before long guaranteed by a secretive sickness. Wolfgang Mozart passed on in 1791 at age thirty five. Mozart’s troublesome passing has been the subject of much theory throughout the years and the vast majority consider his initial demise a difficulty to Western traditional music (Robbins). History of Symphony Number Forty The cause of Symphony Number Forty has been followed to Mozart with verification. The ensemble was noted somewhere around Mozart in his own note pad on July the 25th, 1788. It must be noticed that Symphony Number Forty hails from one of the most productive periods in Mozart’s life. The period wherein this orchestra was made comprised of just half a month however works from this period by Mozart are hailed as showstoppers in their own right (Deutsch). Orchestra Number Forty has gone under discussion for Mozart’s individual viewership. It has been contended that Mozart was always unable to hear his Symphony Number Forty performed during his lifetime. The time between the organization of Symphony Number Forty and Mozart’s passing is brief so it is contended that Mozart kicked the bucket before any enormous exhibitions of Symphony Number Forty. Be that as it may, there are different analysts who reason that Mozart was involved with Symphony

Gendered Friendships in Georgian Literature Rebellious Lady Power in Lady Susan - Literature Essay Samples

Long has the concept of female friendship confounded researchers, philosophers, scientists, and novelists alike. Friendships among women often confuse, and even intimidate, cultures built on hierarchies of power that center around men’s logical prowess. This cautious uncertainty extends to the writings of Jane Austen, whose often female protagonists also wrestle with the looming confusion of female friendships. In novels such as Emma and Wuthering Heights, Austen’s young heroines often end up trading in female relationships for the ultimate friendship of the Gregorian period—marriage. To understand the early English literary trend of women abandoning friendly connections in the name of nuptial bliss, one can look to philosophical understandings of reason and sensibility in friendship, as well as cultural implications of gender in both traits. Then, one can examine one of the exceptions to Austen’s pattern in her novel Lady Susan, published posthumously. Th e novel introduces an odd predicament in the friendship of Lady Susan Vernon and Alicia Johnson, which this paper will identify as a literary device conceivable only through the masculinized behavior of both women. Through these assessments, it becomes clear that Lady Susan is one of Austen’s only novels where she allows for gender in friendships to function in an egalitarian way. For Gregorian England, ideas of sense and sensibility were understood in heavily gendered ways. Sense, referring to the ability to think logically, clearly, and objectively, was primarily a masculine quality. Sensibility, referring to utilizing emotions, feelings, and intuition, was understood to be inherently feminine. This cultural perception comes as no real surprise to avid Austen readers, considering the interaction many of Austen’s female characters have with their male counterparts. For example, within Austen’s Emma, Emma’s extravagantly impulsive behavior is explained by her hyper-femininized identity as the â€Å"princess paramount,† while Mr. Knightly’s composed line of thought is clearly indicative of his masculine identity and position as the older, wiser man in Emma’s life. This situation repeats itself in Austen’s novels, such as with Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy of Pride and Prejudice, or even to a degree Catherine Mor land and Henry Tilney in Northanger Abbey. Reason is characterized by Austen as a masculine pursuit, while emotion belongs to the realm of women. This dichotomy makes relationships involving both sexes common-sense, combining both the head and heart together into an androgynous social unit that balances the halves perfectly. Relationships within Austen’s novels operate under this understanding that relationships work best when weaving concepts of sense and sensibility together, translating in a cultural sense, quite literally, to mean that women and men are the only parts of a functional friendship in Gregorian England. Friendship has been the topic of philosophical discussion for eons, earning the badge of being â€Å"one of the most indispensable requirements of life† by Aristotle within the Nicomachean Ethics, 20 centuries before the complicated web of the Bennet sisterhood was even a twinkle in Austen’s eye. However, the specific topic of female friendship is historically excluded from such philosophical debate. Rather, women and their cohorts are examined â€Å"as an example of unequal friendships: friendship between husband and wife is on par with that between father and son, older and younger man, ruler and ruled. The possibility of friendship between two women and of their potential equality is never envisaged† (Jefferson 139). There is an expectation of female friendships to be fundamentally flawed, full of emotion and devoid of sense in a way that leads to no mutual growth or enjoyment. Because sense and sensibility are presented as dead opposite yet in dire need of ea ch other to create harmony, it follows that women and men are similarly opposite but simultaneously the only way to create a truly balanced friendship. The dichotomy of sense and sensibility regarding gender is acknowledged by multiple feminist scholars, including Mary Wollstonecraft, who approaches its social meaning within A Vindication of the Rights of Women, published in 1792. Wollstonecraft assets that philosophers â€Å"have labored to prove, with chivalrous generosity, that the sexes ought not to be compared; man was made to reason, woman to feel: and that together, flesh and spirit, they make the most perfect whole, by blending happily reason and sensibility into one character† (Todd 30). It follows, then, that a relationship between two women would be lacking in reason, and too flush with feelings to function well. Fictional friendships between women would find themselves lacking in sense, and far too fraught with sensibilities. Often, Austen presents female friendships in her novels at the formative period of her young heroine’s life, and the friendship ultimately dissolves to pave way for the stronger, edito rially deeper relationship of marriage. This is easily observed in the friendship of Catherine Morland and Isabella Thorpe of Northanger Abbey. Even when Isabella is replaced by the leagues more rational Eleanor Tilney, the friendship Catherine enjoys with her during their few independent days at Northanger Abbey is dominated by the plot arc of her marriage to Henry. The enjoyment of their friendship doesn’t seem to be enough for Catherine and Eleanor’s development as characters, and although their marriages do not destroy their relationship completely, there is a definite overshadowing of their friendship by heterosexual romantic relationships. There seems to be a quiet implication by Austen that young women’s friendships exist only as a distraction, incapable of the same kind of positive impact that a hetero friendship is capable of. This message comes directly from cultural standards dictating what men and women bring to social relationships. Although many of Austen’s novels follow this pattern, Lady Susan forges a new and uncommon path for female friendships in Austen’s writing. To fully analyze the cultural implications of Lady Susan Vernon and Mrs. Johnson’s rebellious friendship, one must first analyze how strongly Austen emphasized their close relationship. Then, one can begin to relate their friendship to how both characters are presented as rogue to gender norms, which allows their friendship to flourish. The epistolary format of Lady Susan allows its reader to see tangible proof of Lady Susan and Mrs. Johnson’s close relationship. One of Austen’s most endearing qualities of being able to exemplify lasting human nature shines in her presentation of Lady Susan and Mrs. Johnson as gossipy best friends, a trope recognized decades later. Sharing each morsel of titillating the drama that is Lady Susan’s lifestyle with each other, the two women’s relationship can fully shine via their personal letters. One example of which is through Lady Susan’s request of Mrs. Johnson to detain Sir Reginald at her home on Edward Street and convince him to quit his visit to Bath, which Lady Susan frames in shadowy terms, speaking of â€Å"Propriety and so forth† (Austen 239). This vague phrasing inferences some unspoken acknowledgment for both women, left unexplained to the reader. Such intricacies of the women’s correspondence point not only to a similarity of mind, but also previous communication about similar things and a comfort with inferencing conversations beneath the letter’s surface level. It’s also worth noting that it seems that Mrs. Johnson is aware of the true parameters of Lady Susan and Mr. Manwaring’s relationship, based on how quickly Lady Susan mentions him in letters without much exposition. The formatting of their letters also hints to their close friendship. As opposed to Lady Susan’s rather verbose letters to other characters, such as Sir Reginald, her letters to Mrs. Johnson are rather short and direct. Lady Susan uses full, fluid sentences in her addresses to other people, almost in a sly effort to influence their reception of her news. With Mrs. Johnson, though, Lady Susan is much jumpier in punctuation and word choice. This difference feels almost reminiscent of modern differences between a text sent to a parent, and a text sent to a best friend. Points are made quicker, there’s far less exposition and filler statements, and Lady Susan seems far more conversational than manipulative. It seems that Austen is trying to make a statement on the two women’s comfort with each other, a quality not typically seen in Austen heroine’s friendships. The tendency of modern readers to identify Mrs. Johnson and Lady Susan’s friendship as suspect, or manufactured by Austen only to highlight the manipulative abilities of Lady Susan, is symptomatic of a cultural mistrust of female friendships. As observed by Ann Jefferson within Female Friendship as a Literary Fact, â€Å"Friendship between women tends more generally to be regarded with suspicion, and that suspicion usually focuses on sex. Either women are assumed to scheme together to arrange illicit sex with a man, or†¦women may actually be having sex with each other† (140). Because patriarchal culture has popularized an understanding of friendships as strategic, and often â€Å"pleasantly useful,† Lady Susan and Mrs. Johnson’s genuine friendship feels doubtful to readers (Thomason 228). Despite their constant communication, deep understanding of each other’s motivations, and their kindness to each other that acts against their personalities, there is an inherent want to distrust their friendship. In part, this is a side-effect of Austen’s literary patterns. There exists no other Austen novel where two women operate in such a synchronized way to further each other desires while prioritizing themselves. Even Elizabeth Bennet manages to avoid directly scheming Mr. Bingley back into her sister’s arms after their separation, despite the girl’s mutual want for the other’s nuptial happiness in Pride and Prejudice. Austen has not conditioned her readers to expect two women to coordinate themselves with each other. Austen has especially avoided women allying themselves in ways not centered around an innocent hope of trapping a young man for guiltless flirting. Backed by this unassuming literary pattern, the more conspiratorial behavior of Lady Susan and Mrs. Johnson arouses suspicion. The fact that suspicion of female friendships often centers around sex reinforces the fact that fear of such relationships is grounded in gender expectations. Because such a r elationship challenges gender norms, friendships between women provoke fears that women will either hatch a plan to trick men and undermine their power, or will eliminate the sexual need for men that reinforces patriarchal control over women. Just as Austen has avoided creating a situation where women operate in a genuinely friendly way, so has a patriarchal culture which views the friendships of women as fraught with an excess of sensibility, leading to self-indulgence and loss of judgement. The subconscious reasoning behind this distrust is that women shouldn’t be allowed to operate without some decent sense—or, more literally, without some decent men. The only reason for female friendship in Gregorian England, as demonstrated in Austen novels and backed by cultural understandings of gender, is as a placeholder for a superior friendship with a man. Lady Susan and Mrs. Johnson challenge this, holding their friendship in high importance while simultaneously married (assuming their correspondence began before Lord Vernon’s death, which seems to be the implication.) Austen is able to establish and explain this friendship by painting both characters as masculine. By gendering both women as masculine, Austen justifies the friendship between Lady Susan and Mrs. Johnson. Austen avoids the cultural expectancy of such a friendship to lack rational capabilities by not viewing both as women, and therefore sensible, but instead as both men, and thus logical. This gendering is a key aspect when considering the two women’s sudden split from each other at the end of the novel. Obviously, both Lady Susan and Mrs. Johnson are akin to each other’s wants. Lady Susan is aware of Mrs. Johnson’s want for attention amidst her unfulfilling marriage, allowing her to flirt with Mr. Reginald, while Mrs. Johnson is available for Lady Susan’s schemes and ready to offer political refuge for all the woman’s romantic conquests. This claim of friendship may seem to pale when considering their sudden end of correspondence, but by assessing why we may be skeptical of such a strong female friendship ending so suddenly, it becomes clear tha t Austen is intending a comment on the function of gender in the friendship. Readers may be more prepared to see such a relationship from male characters, who are expected to be more emotionally detached from one another, and more self-servicing than women. Austen pushes against this notion with the friendship of Lady Susan and Mrs. Johnson. Both women show affection to each other, but it is overshadowed by a stereotypically male sense of duty to oneself and self-protection. Lady Susan and Mrs. Johnson are women operating within patriarchal confines, and Austen does not push against their feminity besides assigning both of them the role of sense over sensibility in their friendship. It’s curious that the one Austen novel to present women as truly symbiotic remained unpublished during her lifetime, but the depth of that implication remains beyond the scope of this paper. In conclusion, Lady Susan presents Austen’s most telling account of female friendship in Lady Susan Vernon and Mrs. Johnson. The friendship of both women is culturally unusual, presenting a new side of sense and sensibility that challenges current ideals. It is unclear if Austen meant to champion Gregorian era gal-pals getting what they want from life, or if she was making a less forward-thinking comment on conniving women drawing inspiration from other infamous female assemblies (think covens and other terrifying all-women groups.) Either way, Lady Susan becomes a charming piece of inadvertent girl power literature. One can only wonder what would have happened had Austen allowed Elizabeth and Jane Bennet to see how Lady Susan Vernons’s female power backed conspirations allowed her to get hers. Works Cited Jefferson, Ann. Female Friendship as a Literary Fact. Romanic Review, vol. 107, nos. 1-4, Jan-Nov 2016, pp. 137-51. MLA International Bibliography. Thomason, Laura E. The Dilemma of Friendship in Austens Emma. The Eighteenth Century: Theory and Interpretation, vol. 56, no. 2, 2015. MLA International Bibliography. Todd, Janet M. Female Friendships in Jane Austens Novels. The Journal of the Rutgers University Libraries. MLA International Bibliography.

Technology And Society Impact Of Technology On Society

Introduction Technology has impacted people, businesses and society as a whole. The roles that technology has played on communication, business and education have been more than impactful. As the power of computers continue to increase with help from databases, social networking and businesses, it adds an increase to office productivity compared to using typewriters, and filing cabinets. Although there are plenty of good things about technology, the way we use it determines if it impacts are positive to the society or negative. As modern technology continues to grow and advances, so does the future effect on our life and society. The impact of technology on communication business and education, has been extensive and largely positive by helping people keep in touch (Ramey, Karehka. Technology And Society - Impact of Technology On Society. Use of Technology). However, there are also plenty of downsides from technology s impact on communication and society. The purpose of this report is to give an analytical view on the topic of technology in the 21st century. The report will address how technology is used in communication and business. Secondly, the report will compare the effects it may have on learning and education. The report will also explain the advantages and disadvantages of technology. Finally, the report will discuss the impact on society. In preparing this report, online research was done on how technology affects education, communication and business in theShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Technology On Society : Technology1281 Words   |  6 PagesImpact Of Technology On Society Technology, without a doubt has an impact on society. As a matter of fact, we experience this impact in our daily lives. The evolution of technology has dramatically changed the way we think, with the rapid new advancements being made with each passing day, to the tremendous opportunities it provides us with. It has an effect on the growth of our culture, living standards and our economy. At the end of the day technology plays a significant role in almost all fieldsRead MoreTechnology And Its Impact On Society1302 Words   |  6 Pages Technology Dominates Society How has technology affected the everyday life of society today? Is society as social as it use to be before everyone had access to an abundance of technology? Many people believe that the answer to those questions are that society is less social and technology has had a negative impact on humans today. As technology progresses bounteously society begins to rapidly decline. The ways society is negatively impacted socially mentally and emotionally will be analyzed. Read MoreTechnology And Its Impact On Society1198 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology is used on a daily basis to accomplish specific tasks or interests. Modern technology increases human capabilities and this technology has evolved with years. Technology simplifies life in so many ways and everyone defines technology in their own way. They’re new types of technology on the market, this technology simplifies our daily lives. They’re endless demands as consumers of technology, people use technology to accomplish simple tasks every day. Technology’s used in business, educationRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On Society1291 Words   |  6 PagesSociety has always been impacted by technology. Each invention has affected how people relate to one another and how cultures have expanded or ended. Technology impacts how cities grow, where people live, and who owns what. Technologies are the reason a few people are very rich, that people are more social, and that teaching, and learning is changing. 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Without technology today, the world would be a much, much different place because of the major setback in communication and other activities and resources. The things that technology impacts are family, education, and health. Family is one area technology impacts life in general. â€Å"88% of Americans adults haveRead MoreTechnology And Its Impact On Society1525 Words   |  7 PagesThe technology is creating a generation capable of communication and understanding different cultures and belief. The technology is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purpose. It machinery and equipment developed from such as scientific knowledge. Humans have lived for thousands of years without any technology in small hunter gatherer communities, but now we have all of this technology and the population on Earth has exploded and will not stop anytime soon. â€Å"Society seems enthralledRead MoreTechnology And Its Impact On Society1596 Words   |  7 PagesSociety has become dependent on technology and it now plays an important role in many people’s lives. Try imagining your life without technology. If the internet, mobile devices, and games were taken away from us, how would we feel? M any people would feel like a part of their lives are missing due to technology now being a necessity in their everyday life. It would be very different from what we are comfortable with today. The truth is, many people rely on technology to get them through the dayRead MoreTechnology and Its Impact on Society1082 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology and its impact on society In this paper I will talk about the topic that technology will eventually destroy the entire civilization, since people are greedy and the revenge of nature. Technology s advantages and disadvantages are a subject of constant discussion. Those who are against technology have the opinion that technology harms people and will ultimately ruin human civilization. Threats to the environment are pollution, resource depletion, greenhouse gas, and nuclear power abuseRead MoreTechnology Impact On Society1356 Words   |  6 PagesThe technology used in society is regularly changing and developing in a way that forces a push of usage in all aspects of life. This technological growth happening in the world is increasingly rapid, with new advancements being made with each passing day. It has become an integral part in almost every person’s live, whether they realize it or not. Many find these technological advances to be beneficial and necessary to life, while some see it as simply a dist raction. Whatever opinion held, it can

Why I Need A Heart Transplant - 1858 Words

Heart Transplant Share to FacebookShare to TwitterShare to EmailShare to PrintMore AddThis Share optionsMore See related health topics and resources Back to Cardiovascular Tests and Procedures What is a heart transplant? A heart transplant is surgery to remove the diseased heart from a person and replace it with a healthy one from an organ donor. To remove the heart from the donor, two or more healthcare providers must declare the donor brain-dead. Before you can be put on a waiting list for a heart transplant, a healthcare provider makes the decision that this is the best treatment choice for your heart failure. A healthcare team also makes sure you are healthy enough to go through the transplant process. Why might I need a heart†¦show more content†¦What are the risks of a heart transplant? As with any surgery, complications may occur. Potential risks of a heart transplant may include: Infection Bleeding during or after the surgery Blood clots that can cause heart attack, stroke, or lung problems Breathing problems Kidney failure Coronary allograft vasculopathy (CAV). This is a problem with the blood vessels that carry blood to the heart muscle itself. They become thick and hard. This can can cause serious heart muscle damage. Failure of the donor heart The new heart may be rejected by your body s immune system. Rejection is your body s normal reaction to a foreign object or tissue. When you get a new heart, your immune system reacts to what it sees as a foreign threat and attacks the new organ. To allow the transplanted organ to survive in a new body, you will need to take medicines. The medicines will trick the immune system into accepting the transplant and keep it from attacking it. You will need to take the medicines to prevent or treat rejection for the rest of your

Safety Standards for Automation Systems and Industrial Machinery

Question: Describe about the Safety Standards for Automation Systems and Industrial Machinery. Answer: Introduction Automation systems and industries involve giant sized fully functioning machineries and equipments for the manufacture, production and other purposes. In spite of the fact that these machines are extremely efficient in the operations for which these are used, there are a lot of risks with these machineries (Caputo, Pelagagge and Salini 2013). Owing to their huge sizes and dangerous shapes, they pose quite a threat to the workers in the industries. With increasing size of the machineries, chances of accidents also increase significantly. Moreover, in the factories where very high temperatures are used, the furnace machineries have chances of bursting that causes fatal damage to the nearby workers. Hence, some safety regulations and guidelines are required so that these heavy machineries are operated in the right manner and the chances of accidents are minimized (Suprem, Mahalik and Kim 2013). In the following essay, a review has been conducted on the current EU safety directives and s tandards for automation systems and industrial machinery. Review on Current EU Safety Directives and Standards for Automation Systems and Industrial Machinery The current EU safety directives and standards for automation systems and industrial machinery has two different categories of standards that are to be followed during operations. These are A-type Standards and B-type Standards. A-type Standards mainly deal with the basic concepts of operations and safety guidelines for the automations and machineries. The main reference for the standard is EN ISO 12100:2010, the main essence of which is the general principles of machine design (Gaj, Jasperneite and Felser 2013). It also contains risk assessment and risk mitigation guidelines. As these standards only state the basic concepts of safety guidelines, these are not really useful for implementation without additional information and concepts. Hence, the B-type Standards were introduced. B-type Standards were designed to provide more details for the safety guidelines and machine designs. B-type Standards were not limited like the A-type Standards and hence, they were more useful for application in the industries and automation systems. However, as more and more details were added, the B-type Standards started to grow in size and the information for different types of operations and machineries (Chinniah 2015). However, after sometime, it was decided that these guidelines will be separated under different sections for different machineries and operations. Some of the important B-type Standards are as follows. EN ISO 13849-1:2015 This standard mainly deals with the basic safety guidelines for heavy machineries. However, in this standard, special emphasis is given to the parts of control systems that are to be controlled for safety purposes. This standard also contains general principle of design of the machineries. EN ISO 13849-2:2012 This standard follows up from the previous standard and adds more information and data into the principles of the machine design and operations. There are more safety guidelines that have been added in this standard that are to be followed in the automation industry (Vyatkin 2013). Finally in the last part, instead of general principles of design, the validation guidelines for the machineries have been provided. EN 62061:2005 This standard contains some more guidelines on safety of automation equipments and machineries. However, the main parts of this standard mainly deals with electronic, programmable electronic and electrical control systems. EN 60204-31:2013 It is the standard for the small and medium sized machineries and operation equipments. This standard mainly deals with Particular safety and EMC requirements for sewing machines, units and systems. EN 614-1:2006+A1:2009 This standard deals with ergonomic design principles of machines and operation equipments. This set of guidelines contains basic concepts, definitions of terminologies and principles of the ergonomic design principles. EN 614-2:2000+A1:2008 This follows up from the previous standard and contains more information on the ergonomic design principles (Kova?i? et al. 2016). Following the basic set of the guidelines of the previous standard, this standard deals with Interactions between the design of machinery and work tasks. Product Specific Standard: EN 13241-1:2003+A1:2011 This particular standard is specific to the industrial products. The main gist of this standard deals with the standards to be followed for the manufacture of products with resistance and control characteristics. Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC The machinery directives are the set of standards that deal with the safety and operation guidelines for heavy industrial machines that work under high physical factors like pressure, heat and others (Vasic and Billard 2013). These machines have significant chances of major and fatal accidents and hence, some safety measures must be adopted to minimize chances of accidents. Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC was designed with specific safety standards and guidelines required to be followed before installation and operation of the heavy machineries. After the machineries are installed, this standard is applied to verify whether all the guidelines are met and satisfied or not. Low voltage Directive 2014/35/EU As with heavy machineries, safety standards are needed for using electrical equipments as well. In large industries, the electrical instruments are used with very high currents that can be fatal even with a simple touch. Hence, the Low voltage Directive 2014/35/EU was designed (Rausand 2014). This directive contains safety guidelines and standards for use and handling of electrical equipments with which, very high current is used. Before starting operations of an electrical machine, these safety standards must be verified and risks must be calculated so that suitable precautions can be taken. Overall Review On the overall, the present EU safety directives and standards for automation systems and industrial machinery and mechanical apparatus has two unique classes of models that are to be taken after amid operations. These are A-sort Standards and B-sort Standards. A-type Standards principally manage the fundamental ideas of operations and wellbeing rules for the machineries and machineries. On the other hand, B-sort Standards were intended to give more subtle elements to the safety rules and machine plans (Rajan and Wahl 2013). A standard was designed in order to manage the fundamental safety rules for substantial hardware. Another standard was developed additionally contains general rule of outline of the machineries. These standards are more or less successful in providing proper and accurate guidelines and have successfully minimized chances of major accidents. Other standards were also developed with further modifications and these additions followed up from the past standards and included more data and information into the standards of the machine outline and operations. Some standards were developed for small and medium equipments as well and these for the most part managed specific wellbeing and EMC prerequisites for sewing machines, units and frameworks. This standard manages ergonomic outline standards of machines and operation supplies. Taking after the essential arrangement of the rules of the past standard, this standard manages connections between the outline of apparatus and work undertakings (Dixon 2014). Finally, some specific standards or directives were developed that were particular to the modern items. Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC was composed with particular wellbeing measures and rules required to be taken after before establishment and operation of the substantial machineries. Likewise, with overwhelming machineries, safety principles are required for utilizing electrical types of gear also. This mandate contains wellbeing rules and measures for utilize and treatment of electrical types of gear with which, high current is utilized. All these standards and directives were more or less successful and are successfully being implemented in global industries for verification of the available standard. Conclusion In this essay, a review on the current EU safety directives and standards for automation systems and industrial machinery has been published. In this report, the basic standards and directives have been discussed in order to understand their effects on the existing industries and automation systems. References Caputo, A.C., Pelagagge, P.M. and Salini, P., 2013. AHP-based methodology for selecting safety devices of industrial machinery.Safety science,53, pp.202-218. Chinniah, Y., 2015. Analysis and prevention of serious and fatal accidents related to moving parts of machinery.Safety science,75, pp.163-173. Dixon, J.B., 2014.Design Guide to Industrial Control Systems(Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Sacramento). Gaj, P., Jasperneite, J. and Felser, M., 2013. Computer communication within industrial distributed environmentA survey.IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics,9(1), pp.182-189. Kova?i?, Z., Butler, M., Lista, P., Vasiljevi?, G., Draganjac, I., Mikli?, D., Petrovi?, T. and Petric, F., 2016. Harmonization of Research and Development Activities Toward Standardization in the Automated Warehousing Systems. InAutonomous Industrial Vehicles: From the Laboratory to the Factory Floor. ASTM International. Rajan, A. and Wahl, T. eds., 2013.CESAR: Cost-efficient Methods and Processes for Safety-relevant Embedded Systems(No. 978-3709113868, pp. 343-366). Springer. Rausand, M., 2014.Reliability of safety-critical systems: theory and applications. John Wiley Sons. Suprem, A., Mahalik, N. and Kim, K., 2013. A review on application of technology systems, standards and interfaces for agriculture and food sector.Computer Standards Interfaces,35(4), pp.355-364. Vasic, M. and Billard, A., 2013, May. Safety issues in human-robot interactions. InRobotics and Automation (ICRA), 2013 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 197-204). IEEE. Vyatkin, V., 2013. Software engineering in industrial automation: State-of-the-art review.IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics,9(3), pp.1234-1249.

Looking for Alibrandi Essay Example

Looking for Alibrandi Essay â€Å"Looking for Alibrandi† by Melina Marchetta provides useful and valuable insights into cultural misunderstandings between Australian and Italian families, relationships and prejudices particularly between Josie, her friends and family. Cross-cultural issues are explored in depth in â€Å"Looking for Alibrandi†. The novel shows the family traditional values within Josie’s family, one of these being Tomato Day. This cultural tradition is important because it fosters greater unity between family members. In addition, Italian family culture has a deep meaning about spending time with family. On the contrary, Josie, a 17 year old Italian-Australian girl, being an Australian of Italian descent, Josie resents some of the Italian traditions and is not too pleased about observing these traditions; since she thinks ‘Tomato Day’ is a ‘National Wog Day’, she says it in negatively and dishonourably tone. Josie’s perception of Italian culture is really despite to Nonna’s; Nonna shows a lot of respects and protection to the family name and traditions, while Josie resents and unaccepted to her values. Hence, Josie, Christina and Nonna, share a major age gap between them and examines the difference in generation gap in depth. We will write a custom essay sample on Looking for Alibrandi specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Looking for Alibrandi specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Looking for Alibrandi specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As Nonna lied to Josie and her relatives that Josie’s father died before Christina gave birth to Josie, thus Christina and Josie are misunderstanding to Nonna and also did not accept with what she did. It shows the differences in generation’s point of view towards Christina’s pregnancy. Furthermore, â€Å"Looking for Alibrandi† also displays relationships in a lot of depth, for instance, the relationships between Josie and Michael Andretti, Jacob Coote and John Barton. Josie meets Michael Andretti angrily because he left Josie’s mother when she got pregnant; therefore Josie became illegitimate child with no father. However, when Josie feels helpless and struggle after she hits Carly’s nose, she can only think about Michael to help her as a barrister and father. This event demonstrates that Josie really wants to and be proud of having father; they had more trust and build up the father- daughter relationships too. Josie’s final year of high school transforms her from the childhood world of dependence on her mother to dealing with adults like Michael Andretti and Jacob Coote. Jacob, the school captain of Cook High School, Josie calls him an ‘individualist’, because he has a strong personality, sensitive and independent as a typical Australian. Jacob feels uncomfortable in unfamiliar situations as he finds it difficult to understand with Josie’s Italian cultural background, he does not respect and think the traditions should not be maintained. For example, once, Jacob gave a sexual advance to Josie, but she is unwillingness to make love and told Jacob clearly that Italian thinking is more traditional and different to Australian’s. Sexual activity is not by accepted to Italian, but Australian just sees this as a normal practise. By comparison between Jacob Coote and John Barton, they are both Australian, but living in very different attitudes and family. John has weak and low self-image who comes from a well-educated family. Josie admires him and they have a very good relationship, but Josie did not realise that John is very upset as he is under a lot of pressure by his father to become ‘the best prime minster’, therefore, John’s father and people around John have a high expectation of him. As a result, John gets a lot of pressure that he thinks no one would understand him. John’s pressure from unconfident about passing the HSC, forces him to commit suicide. This does upset Josie but it also makes her a lot more resilient too. â€Å"Looking for Alibrandi†, also illustrates many prejudices between rich and poor people, and the racial prejudice. St. Martha is Josie’s school which is â€Å"dominated by white Australian†, high-class and rich people. Children of wealthy migrants accepted because of their wealth, which cause a social discrimination as Josie finds hard to cope in this school with her strong Italian and middle working class family background. The novel shows that although Australia is a multicultural society, but it still has racist problems with people from different culture backgrounds. Melina Marchetta always uses the word â€Å"Wog†, which is an offensive word to coloured skin people especially Italian, which is throughout the whole novel to inspire readers in racist issues. For instant, Ivy comes from high-class Australian family, who is not accept Josie as an Australia, but a completely Italian immigrant with strong Italian culture background. This idea is clearly expressed in these words â€Å"You’re a new Australians wear black a lot don’t you Josephine? â€Å"Looking for Alibrandi† emphasises some important cultural, relationship and social and racial prejudices among people from different cultural background. It examines the strength and resilience of Josie to cope with the relationship with family, John Barton’s dead and Jacob Coot’s sexual advance, and the intolerance of Italian traditions by Nonna. This novel makes readers aware of to see the beauty in other culture, because the world has many different cultures, we need to be respect, although there may have something that you may not except. Looking for Alibrandi Essay Example Looking for Alibrandi Essay Looking for alibrandi the flim questions answers. Plot Opening credits: burning heart motif, behind which, an aeroplane flies over blue skies. Tomato Day (beginning). The whole extended family help make pasta sauce. Josie is introduced an reveals that she hates it. She tries to change the music and leaves as soon as her friends arrive. The heads to Bondi beach with Anna and Sera. News of her and her friends sunbathing reaches home before she does. At night she is studying and voices over a sequence introducing her mother. She climbs into bed with her and learns Michaels back. Introduction of St. Marthas. Carly Bishop and lots of wealthy friends are introduced. Carlys racism is revealed early. Class: While trying to cheat on a test, Josie is caught out, but she tells Sister Louise she was looking at Carlys Skamp magazine, criticising it for being anti-Christian. Sister Louise calls her into her office and gives her a talking to about HSC, being Vice-Captain and her new job. St. Anthonys comes to visit in order to discuss the years social calendar. John Barton is introduced. Josie fantasises about being his wife. On her way to Nonnas, Josie dawdles, but is tracked by the spy ring. We will write a custom essay sample on Looking for Alibrandi specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Looking for Alibrandi specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Looking for Alibrandi specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer At Nonnas she is hot and bothered and meets her father for the first time. She runs away and her mother guesses whats happened. Josie and Anna get a life to have a say day with Angelo. Jacob Coote speaks after Josie, and while she says she isnt she seems to be impressed by him. They talk afterwards, looking at Carly and John Barton having their photos taken. A celebration lunch. Spotting a quiet moment, Christina and Michael talk about Josie, but it quickly develops into an argument which Josie, then Nonna walk in on. Josie stays with Nonna. She tries to listen to her Walkman, but Nonna makes her get the photos. She talks about coming out on the boat. Rugby game: Josie sees John Barton and they talk. He is concerned that his father controls everything about his life. They decide they are both suffering under the weight of tradition. The dance: Josie prays John will ask her to dace, but Jacob does instead. They dance for seven and a half songs, then while angling for a lift with John, Jacob offers to drop her home. They ride on his motorbike, during which time, Josie goes from being petrified to enjoying it. They arrive at Josies house, and after a couple of botched attempts, they decide to go out. Josie meets John at the University to go over their course for the following year. Josie and Jacob go on a date to the movies. It ends horribly after being unable to decide on a film to watch. Michael drives along while Josie is storming home after the date. She accuses him of trying to buy them off, takes her anger out on him and leaves him there. Josie swaps souls with John Barton. She puts his in a box under the bed. While working at Oporto, Josie and Anna are visited by Jacob and Anton. Returning from a holiday break, Josie learns that John Barton is dead. The funeral: Robert is a pallbearer. At home, Josie remembers about Johns soul, opens it and reads it. He talks about the pressure on him to be what he isnt. Josie tears up the piece of paper and sets him free. Josie sees Jacob on the bus. He gives her a hug. During confession, Josie breaks down. As she is leaving the chapel, Carly makes another racist comment. Josie breaks her nose with a history book. In Sister Louises office, Ron Bishop wants Josie to pay for the damage. Swallowing her pride, Josie calls her father, who arrives and sorts the situation out. Christina goes on a date with Paul Presilio, much to the annoyance of her mother and daughter. Nonna goes through the photos again and talks about Marcus Sandford. While shes walking with Jacob, Michael stops Josie and offers her a job. They give Jacob a life home and have a coffee. Nonna sees them and takes Josie away. At her mothers work, Josie talks to her about the possibility of dating. They talk about when she and Michael were seventeen. Josie goes to stay over at Michaels. Shes impressed with his lifestyle, but finds a photo of his girlfriend back in Adelaide. End of school. They have a big break up fight with water and flour. Studying, Sera tells Josie that her relationship with Jacob is doomed because they come from different stock. Josie goes to Jacobs and meets his dad. In Jacobs room, things progress towards having sex. Josie decides it isnt the right time. They argue, Josie leaves, and Jacob catches her on the steps, asking why they are such a disaster. Josie sits her HSC, studying hard. She thinks she sees John Barton at the train station. Michael tries to teach Josie to drive, but reveals that hes heading back to Adelaide. Josie gets upset, abuses him and storms off. At Bondi beach, Josie talks with her friends. She realises that Francesco couldnt have been her natural grandfather and races off to confront Nonna about it. Nonna concedes the truth, but wants to keep it from Christina, who arrives just in time. Tomato Day (end). Michael is there, and when Jacob arrives, Josie brings him in and he is given a job. Anna and Sera are also brought in. Josie puts on the music her family likes and asks Nonna for a dance. Setting The setting of a film is always important. Take particular note of where events occur, because it is often not by accident. * St. Marthas: Josies school is introduced in quite a dismissive way. Josie says that shes surrounded by girls who are treated like princesses by their fathers. She does not like the hypocrisy or shallowness of her school. At St. Marthas its all about money, prestige and what your father does for a living. The uniform makes everyone look the same, which removes Josies individuality, but also reminds the audience that the differences people here operate on are just as seen as unseen, like what you father does for a living. * Home: Josies house is a small, modest flat, some distance from the school. This distance represents the social distance between Josie and the rest of the students at St. Marthas. There are a number of shots that show Josie looking out the small windows of their flat (introducing her mother, and after meeting her father) which remind the viewer that Josie feels cramped here, and that she wants to move both up in the world and to a better house. * Michaels Apartment: The apartment represents the things that Josie could gain from having a career like Michaels. She wants to have enough money to live like this and even directly connects Michaels law practice with this apartment. Having the harbour bridge so prominently placed in many of the shots that take place here reminds the audience of travelling and Josies desire to cross over into this kind of world. Character and characterisation Josie Several of the events that occur during the film help us to see the way that Josie develops and changes over the course of the film: * Tomato Day (beginning): Josie is a reluctant participant in the family and cultural ritual. She doesnt see herself as belonging there. She talks about her future, and about not really knowing where she fits in to society. Meeting her father: At the beginning of the film, Josie says that fathers seem pretty useless anyway, and that she is happy do do without hers. As Michaels influence grows, Josie learns that half of her family history has been missing, and that Michael and her can have a fruitful relationship, beneficial to both of them. * Going out with Jacob: He teaches her that first impressions arent always right about people, and that a relationship across different ethnic backgrounds can work. She also learns its important to preserve your individuality in a relationship. Studying for her future: Josie realises that these exams are an important part of the journey towards the life she wants. She learns that it is important to keep everything in balance, including friendships, relationships, work and school. * Resolving the curse: Confronting her Nonna over Marcus Sandford helps to bring Josies relationship with her to a new level. Josie is more understanding of Nonna, and Nonna is more accepting of her grandchild born out of wedlock. * Tomato Day (end): How much Josie has grown and learnt over the course of the film is revealed in the final scene. She embraces her family and their traditions, welcomes her friends and boyfriend into the environment and is positive about not knowing exactly what will happen in the future. Relationships As Josie as the central character in the film, most of the relationships are centred around her. Each one is important and Josie learns a little from each one to become the person she is at the end of the film. * Nonna and Mamma: Undoubtedly Josies closest relationship is with these two. They support and frustrate each other enormously, but by the end of the film, Josie is more appreciative of what each of them does for her. Jacob: He teaches her that first impressions arent always right about people, and that a relationship across different ethnic backgrounds can work. She also learns its important to preserve your individuality in a relationship. * Her father: Josie doesnt realise how much shes missed having a father until he shows up. While shes always been happy growing up with her mother, she begins to realise the support and advice of her father might come in handy. * Sera and Anna: Josies best friends are always there to support her, take her places and discuss ideas with. Sera comes from a similar Italian family so Josie doesnt feel her family is completely different to everyone she knows, while Anna makes work at Oporto a little more fun. * John Barton: At first John represents where Josie wants to be. After getting to know him, and especially after his suicide, John shows Josie that you can feel alone and misunderstood regardless of your background. * Carly Bishop: Carly represents all thats bad in the world of the wealthy. She is image obsessed, shallow and vindictive. Josie knows that if she enters Johns privileged world, she wont be like Carly. Structure Compare the beginning and ending of the film The film covers a period of twelve months, beginning and ending with the family Tomato Day. There are several key difference between these two scenes that reveal how much Josie has learnt and grown over the course of the film. What do each of these tell us about Josie? Beginning * Josie tries to put some modern music on. * She runs away to the beach with Sera and Anna as soon as they arrive. * She talks about the curse afflicting the Alibrandi women. * Footage is coloured to make it look old and out of date. This might be where I come from, but do I really belong here? Ending * Josie puts Tintorella di Luna on the record player instead of taking it off. * She asks Nonna for a dance. * She invites Jacob, Sera and Anna in to help. * She doesnt try to escape to the beach. * Her voiceover talks about the good things going for the family, not the bad. I know now that whats important who I feel I am. Im Christina and Michaels daughter and Im Katias granddaughter. And were not cursed, were blessed. Voiceover Josie talks to us directly through voicing over the images that are shown. She uses this technique to explain whats going on, to tell us how she feels about things, to introduce background information, but also to reproduce the kind of first person narrative the novel has. * Tomato Day (beginning): Josies doubts about her family, her culture and her future emerge through this voiceover. This might be where I come from, but do I really belong here? She also introduces us to key members of her family: Mamma, Nonna, cousin Robert etc. * Background Information: Josie tells us a lot of important background information in this voiceover. She reveals that Francesco kicked Christina out when she was seventeen; that Nonna believes Josie brought the curse on the family, and that only Josie and Christina know that Michael Andretti is Josies father. St. Marthas: Josie uses this voiceover to convey a number of things to us: contrasts between Anna and Sera, and also how she feels about being surrounded by people like Carly Bishop: Because Im surrounded by girls whose fathers treat them like princesses. * Tomato Day (end): A lot of what Josies learnt about herself over the previous year is conveyed through this final voiceover. She admits to not knowing everything, but she does know and appreciate more where she belongs. I know now that whats important is who I feel I am. Fantasy sequences One way to get the thoughts in Josies head from the book onto the movie screen was to invent these fantasy sequences. They are also a way of showing how creative, imaginative and romantic Josie is. * Carlys arrival: Carly is such a glamorous figure in her school that Josie believes there is some truth in this fantasy. The way that all of her friends fawn over her seem to Josie to be similar to this kind of movie star treatment. Marrying John Barton: So hung up is Josie on the idea that she is going to marry into the world of John Barton, that she begins to dream about it. She becomes shadow attorney general (like the most powerful lawyer in the country) and all of the people she knows gather around her. * St. Barbara: Josies fear that this year is going to be disastrous is acted out in the fantasy that she is St. Barbara who was beheaded by her father. Coming shortly after meeting her father for the first time, clearly Josie is worried about how things will develop. Being rescued by Michael: After Michael talks their way out of being sued by Ron Bishop, the stained glass window in the stairwell at St. Marthas changes to reveal Michael as an angel, rescuing Josie. Light builds behind it, making it almost a biblical miracle. After John Bartons death, the fantasy sequences get fewer and farther between. There are no more after Josie begins studying for her HSC. This represents something of a loss of innocence, where Josie is no longer as dreamy or as optimistic as she was at the beginning of the film. Important Events Josie meeting her father for the first time: This has a profound impact on Josies life. She goes through a range of emotions, but ends up seeing him as a person who has a lot to offer her, and who completes a part of her she never knew anything about. He helps her with her studies and gi ves her practice working in a law firm. * John Bartons death: This helps Josie to see a number of things: life in his world can be just as difficult as in hers; you can feel as if you dont belong, regardless of the world you come from, and also that she doesnt need to make the same mistake John did. Confronting Nonna: This helps Josie to see the motives behind her grandmothers actions. She was trying to protect Christina, rather than punish her, and was hurt when she fell pregnant. By bringing everything out in the open, their feeling can begin to be resolved and they can move forward as three generations of strong, loving Alibrandi women. Close Reading Tomato Day (beginning) The very first image of the film is an aeroplane flying somewhere. Josie desperately want to be somewhere else and the plane is one symbol of this. Tintorella di Luna (and old Italian twist song) plays in the background. This sequence is one continuous shot until Josie arrives. When she appears on camera, the colour returns to normal and editing begins. It was shot on a handheld camera and coloured to make it look like an old home movie. This gets us thinking about a number of things: tradition (old ways vs. new); family (home movies) and culture (bringing things from an old country to a new one). Questions: 1. . What reasons does Josie give for not wanting to be part of Tomato Day? 2. . Which important characters are introduced in this sequence? 3. . How does Josie show she doesnt want to be part of this world? 4. What ideas does Josie express about her future? Introduction to St. Marthas Josie walks up to her school while the wealthier students are dropped off in expensive cars. She tells us about her and her friends circumstances, and says that fathers seem pretty useless anyway so why would she want one? Carly Bishop is introduced and Josie runs through a fantasy scene where she is a famous model who is adored by the students at St. Marthas. The colours that dominate this sequence are cold whites and blues making the school uninviting, very different to the warm reds and yellows of Josies backyard. Questions: 1. . What contrasts are there between people like Carly Bishop and people like Josie Alibrandi in this scene? 2. . How has dialogue been used to introduce Carlys character? Meeting Michael for the first time Nonnas on the phone to one of her spy ring when Josie arrives. Shes hot and irritable. When she tries to turn the air conditioning on, shes ushered out of the room because its only for when guests are around. Josie and Nonna argue and Nonna tells her to go home. Josies just about to do this, when Michaels standing at the door. Shes caught off guard and runs away, embarrassing Nonna. The soft focus and halo of light around Michaels face when the door is opened makes him seem angelic or like a star in a romantic film. One ironic line of dialogue is when Nonna says I was taught to speak English before you mother was born. Questions: 1. . Why do you think Nonna like to speak Sicilian when Josies around? 2. . Why does Michael say Christinas daughter? slowly? Jacob drops Josie off Having just had an adrenaline-filled ride home, Jacob walks Josie up to her house. He tells her about her mother and the process he went through grieving for her. He thought she was wealthy because she goes to that snob school. They pause and Jacob tries to kiss Josie, who initially pulls away, realises shes made a mistake and leans forward, by which time Jacobs pulled away. Jacobs embarrassed: Oh look, youre not really my type. Questions: 1. . Why does Jacob seem interested in whether Josie would be at a school like Cook High if she wasnt on her scholarship? 2. . What contrasts are there between Josie and Jacob? Setting Johns soul free Lying in bed after the funeral, Josie remembers she has Johns soul under her bed. She gets it out and reads it. John wants to be all of the things people want him to be, but knows he cant be them all. All he wants is freedom. The camera (mounted on a crane) pulls back to allow John the freedom he desires. Tearing up the letter also tells the audience that she wont follow John towards suicide when things are difficult. She wont hold on to the pain and the grief. Questions: 1. . What link is there between what John wants and Josie tearing up the letter? 2. . Why does John list the different things people want him to be? Breaking Carlys nose After breaking Carlys nose with her History book, Josie tries to handle it on her own, but after Carly criticises her for having no father, she brags about him being a solicitor. She calls him and has to remind him where she goes to school. Michael arrives and tries to get Josie to tell him what name Carly called her, but she wont say. All she says is that nobody ever told Johns friends they couldnt play at his house, bringing one of the underlying issues up. Michael understands and talks their way out of trouble. Questions: 1. . What was the previous encounter between Josie and Michael? 2. Why is there a pregnant pause after Michael says the words My daughter ? 3. . Why does Michael mention he has a bad temper? Saying no Josies concerned about what Sera said about her and Jacobs relationship being doomed because theyre from different backgrounds. Jacob can see this instantly and tries to calm her down. She meets his Dad and it is revealed that they have a close relationship. The kis s in Jacobs room and head towards having sex, but Josie decides shes not ready. Jacob gets anxious but Josie knows that just because Jacob and she have had different experiences with love and sex, they dont have to move at his pace. Questions: 1. . What might Jacob say in reply to Josies comment that he lives without culture? 2. . What reasons does Jacob give for them being suited? 3. . Why do you think things dont always run smoothly? Confronting Nonna Josie confronts Nonna about her hypocrisy. Nonna explains what is was like for her in a marriage where her husband was abusive. In her heart, she imagined she was married to Marcus Sandford back in Queensland. She wanted to protect Christina from repeating the same fate and was upset when she found out that Christina had been seeing boys behind her back, and was pregnant. Questions: 1. . What things stop as a result of this scene? 2. . What does she learn about her Nonna as a result of this conversation? 3. . Josies first reaction is to run off and tell her mother. Why would that have been the wrong thing to do? (Why was it better for them all to sit down and share it? ) Tomato Day (end) Tomato day again. A whole year has passed. This time Josie is much more secure in who she is, and accepts that her family is an important part of who she is. She doesnt try to run away as soon as she can, on the contrary, she brings first Jacob, then Sera and Anna in to help. The final clue that she is happy here is asking Nonna for a dance. It symbolises the way they have resolved their differences. I know now that whats important who I feel I am. Im Christina and Michaels daughter and Im Katias granddaughter. And were not cursed, were blessed. Questions: 1. . What has Josie achieved in the previous twelve months? Symbolism Travelling One of the most important symbols in the film is the idea of travelling. Josies culture has been transported to Australia, and she is trying to transport herself to a different style of life. These are some of the more important examples of this symbol, or motif. The very first shot of the film is of an aeroplane flying over the house. Planes often symbolise people wanting to go places. The final sequence of the film also has a shot of an aeroplane, but this time, Josie simply looks up, happy exactly where she is. * Josies first means of escape from her family at the beginning of the film is by travelling. She jumps in Ser as car and heads for the beach to escape National Wog Day. * Johns expensive car is another reminder that they come from separate backgrounds. Carly is offered the lift, suggesting that she is more suitable for John because of her family. The cruel blow is that Josie initially thinks she is being offered a lift. * Josies relationship with Jacob is symbolised by the motorbike. It is fast, unstable, dangerous but can also be a lot of fun. Driving over the bridge can also be seen to symbolise moving into adulthood because she considers having sex with him. * Josie must take public transport to her school. She has to travel quite a distance because she cant afford to live in the wealthy area around the school. She also hopes that the scholarship will help her to travel to a better life: a lawyer with lots of money. The rollercoaster outside Michaels apartment could be seen as a symbol of Josies life as a whole, but it particularly suits her relationship with her father. It go through its ups and downs and certainly throws Josie around a bit. The Volcano The image of the volcano occurs a couple of times during the film, but it is quite an important symbol to remember when thinking of Josie. Lots of things are building up i nside her and they often come out in shows of strong emotion. She often deals with problems by yelling, abusing someone or crying, all of which can be seen to be similar to a volcano welling up and overflowing. The first example of the volcano occurs when Jacob offers to give Josie a lift home. Behind them as they are getting onto the bike, a screen is playing footage of a volcano exploding. Josies emotions are also welling up in this scene, with her frustration at not being asked to dance by John Barton being matched against her rising interest in Jacob. * The second instance of the volcano symbol is on the glass wall of the Bar Stromboli where Josie has coffee with her father. Things are welling up inside her over her relationship with her father too, particularly given that Nonna doesnt like her seeing him. Throughout the film, Josies emotions swing from not wanting anything to do with her father, to wanting he and her mother to get back together. Occasionally it gets too much for her and she erupts at him. Hands Hands are often things that we take for granted, but watching what they do in a film can be quite a useful way of exploring ideas and relationships. * In both of the Tomato Day sequences, hands dominate the shots. Most of the people present are doing something with their hands, largely towards making the pasta sauce for the family. Because of this, they symbolise the way that people can do things for others. Other examples include preparing meals for other people (Nonna does this often) to show you care for them and you want them to be happy and well. * When Josie leaves to go to Bondi with her friends, she washes her hands of tomato juice. This is symbolic of what she wants to do with her family and culture as a whole at the beginning of the film: she wants to wash her hands of them (be rid of them). She learns that it isnt as easy as that, and by the end of the film, she has learnt that she is better off embracing them, rather than being ashamed of them. When Nonna is angry at Josies cheekiness, she raises her hand as if to discipline her, but drops it when her point is made. Hands can communicate peoples emotions, and especially show when they are angry. Another time hands reveal emotions is when Josie uses her to break Carlys nose with a history book. Soundtrack When studying film, the word soundtrack measn everything you can hear, not just the music used in the film. Having said tha t, the background music used in the film is quite significant. Background Music The producers of the film wanted the music to be an important part of the film. The lyrics of most of the songs used in the film enhance the audiences understanding of what occurs during each scene. Here are a few examples. * Tintarella di Luna (Performed by Gina Zoia) This is the song that Josie takes off in the first Tomato Day sequence, but put on in the second, asking Nonna for a dance. * With or Without You (Performed by Hamish Cowan) and Im waiting for you, with or without you. I cant live, with or without you Nothing to win and nothing left to lose * Supernova (By Magic Dirt) I have looked all over the place, but you have got my favourite face oure a human supernova, solar superman. Your kiss is as wicked as an M-16 and you talk like a volcano and youre everything to me. (A supernova is an exploding star) * Miss You Love (by Silverchair) and Im not sure, not sure, not too sure to know how it feels to handle every day Important ideas The importance of friends * Josies friends help her a lot in the film. They help her through difficult times and they h elp her to understand things. * When Josie introduces us to her friends, she says that they kinda happened by default, but despite this, they are excellent friends who help each other out enormously. Coming from similar backgrounds as Josie, she feels as though shes not alone at St. Marthas. * Johns death helps Josie to see a number of things: life in his world can be just as difficult as in hers; you can feel as if you dont belong, regardless of the world you come from, and also that she doesnt need to make the same mistake John did. * When John dies, Anna and Sera wait by the lockers so they can be around when Josie gets to school. They try to break it to her as gently as possible and tidy up Josies dropped things after she runs out. They leave her to go too, understanding she needs space. Seras comment that you need to be from the same background to make a relationship work might be based in the truth, but its not as simple as that. Josie learns that it might be true, but it might not be as well. The reassurance she seeks from Jacob is quickly given. The pressure to be perfect Lots of the images that only appear on the screen for a second, or might appear in the background are very important in the story. All of the posters and magazine covers below were made by the Art Department working on the film and laced in important places. Eastwest: This sign is on the back of the bus as Josie enters St. Marthas. It has women admiring themselves on it, but also the phrase Eastwest. Josie is trying to get from the poorer Western suburbs of Sydney to the richer Eastern suburbs. * Skamp: The Skamp magazine appears twice before Josie is called out in front of class. This shows how much image and magazines like this are revered at St. Marthas. Notice one of the articles is called Claws to die for, which makes the girls seem like animals who are capable of killing each other. The Dance: All of the girls in the bathroom are touching up their makeup, or ensuring they look good before returning to the dance floor. Very catty dialogue occurs in this setting, perhaps because the girls are nervous about how they look, and are eager to put others down. * Girltalk: This shot s hows Carly on yet another magazine cover, this time wearing a T-shirt that says racism sucks. The composition of the shot cuts the top half of Josie out of the frame, suggesting that she is not as important as the magazine cover. * Why would you want to? When Josie is with John for the last time, the posters behind them at the train station ask one huge question: Why would you want to? questioning why John feels suicide is the only way out. Knowing where you belong At the beginning of the film, Josie thinks she doesnt belong anywhere. Shes too Australian to be Sicilian, but too Sicilian to truly be an Australian. As the film progresses she gains a better understanding of who she is and where she fits in. * At the beginning of the film, Josie says This might be where I come from, but do I really belong here? , sparking off the great journey of the film. Josie sees her family as living in the past and tries to distance herself from them: Im going places. * Meeting her father is an important part of Josies search for belonging. The story of how her parents fell in love and the circumstances surrounding her conception help her to understand that she is not cursed. * Josies relationship with Jacob helps her to understand other peoples realities too. She sees Jacob as being without culture in that he is Australian, and doesnt have the same ties to a culture like the Sicilians do. Despite this, Josie learns that life in Jacobs world can be difficult too. She learns that relationships wont necessarily help you feel you belong somewhere. * By the end of the film, Josies sense of belonging is much more secure. She recognises that while she may have a great future ahead of her, she is also has strong ties to her past. I know now that whats important who I feel I am. Im Christina and Michaels daughter and Im Katias granddaughter. And were not cursed, were blessed. She has found Alibrandi. Overcoming obstacles * The film presents Josie with a number of challenges and obstacles to overcome, often leading towards her independence. She does them with varying degrees of success but learns from all of them. * Work: Josie has to juggle her school and social life with her new job at Oporto. * John Bartons death: This helps Josie to see a number of things: life in his world can be just as difficult as in hers; you can feel as if you dont belong, regardless of the world you come from, and also that she doesnt need to make the same mistake John did. * Racism: Josie is able to ignore Carlys racist comments for most of the film, but when shes feeling fragile after Johns death, she snaps and uses physical violence. Relationships: Being in a serious relationship is difficult for Josie, but she works hard at it. Jacob is serious and really wants it to work, but Josie is a little more philosophical, saying We dont always get what we want, but God I love your faith. * Studies: Josie studies and works hard for her HSC. She hopes to do law, and is already helping out in Michaels law practice. * Learning to Drive: A drivers li cence is an important symbol of independence for Josie. She is studying for it when the film ends. Looking for Alibrandi Essay Example Looking for Alibrandi Essay â€Å"Looking for Alibrandi† by Melina Marchetta provides useful and valuable insights into cultural misunderstandings between Australian and Italian families, relationships and prejudices particularly between Josie, her friends and family. Cross-cultural issues are explored in depth in â€Å"Looking for Alibrandi†. The novel shows the family traditional values within Josie’s family, one of these being Tomato Day. This cultural tradition is important because it fosters greater unity between family members. In addition, Italian family culture has a deep meaning about spending time with family. On the contrary, Josie, a 17 year old Italian-Australian girl, being an Australian of Italian descent, Josie resents some of the Italian traditions and is not too pleased about observing these traditions; since she thinks ‘Tomato Day’ is a ‘National Wog Day’, she says it in negatively and dishonourably tone. Josie’s perception of Italian culture is really despite to Nonna’s; Nonna shows a lot of respects and protection to the family name and traditions, while Josie resents and unaccepted to her values. Hence, Josie, Christina and Nonna, share a major age gap between them and examines the difference in generation gap in depth. We will write a custom essay sample on Looking for Alibrandi specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Looking for Alibrandi specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Looking for Alibrandi specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As Nonna lied to Josie and her relatives that Josie’s father died before Christina gave birth to Josie, thus Christina and Josie are misunderstanding to Nonna and also did not accept with what she did. It shows the differences in generation’s point of view towards Christina’s pregnancy. Furthermore, â€Å"Looking for Alibrandi† also displays relationships in a lot of depth, for instance, the relationships between Josie and Michael Andretti, Jacob Coote and John Barton. Josie meets Michael Andretti angrily because he left Josie’s mother when she got pregnant; therefore Josie became illegitimate child with no father. However, when Josie feels helpless and struggle after she hits Carly’s nose, she can only think about Michael to help her as a barrister and father. This event demonstrates that Josie really wants to and be proud of having father; they had more trust and build up the father- daughter relationships too. Josie’s final year of high school transforms her from the childhood world of dependence on her mother to dealing with adults like Michael Andretti and Jacob Coote. Jacob, the school captain of Cook High School, Josie calls him an ‘individualist’, because he has a strong personality, sensitive and independent as a typical Australian. Jacob feels uncomfortable in unfamiliar situations as he finds it difficult to understand with Josie’s Italian cultural background, he does not respect and think the traditions should not be maintained. For example, once, Jacob gave a sexual advance to Josie, but she is unwillingness to make love and told Jacob clearly that Italian thinking is more traditional and different to Australian’s. Sexual activity is not by accepted to Italian, but Australian just sees this as a normal practise. By comparison between Jacob Coote and John Barton, they are both Australian, but living in very different attitudes and family. John has weak and low self-image who comes from a well-educated family. Josie admires him and they have a very good relationship, but Josie did not realise that John is very upset as he is under a lot of pressure by his father to become ‘the best prime minster’, therefore, John’s father and people around John have a high expectation of him. As a result, John gets a lot of pressure that he thinks no one would understand him. John’s pressure from unconfident about passing the HSC, forces him to commit suicide. This does upset Josie but it also makes her a lot more resilient too. â€Å"Looking for Alibrandi†, also illustrates many prejudices between rich and poor people, and the racial prejudice. St. Martha is Josie’s school which is â€Å"dominated by white Australian†, high-class and rich people. Children of wealthy migrants accepted because of their wealth, which cause a social discrimination as Josie finds hard to cope in this school with her strong Italian and middle working class family background. The novel shows that although Australia is a multicultural society, but it still has racist problems with people from different culture backgrounds. Melina Marchetta always uses the word â€Å"Wog†, which is an offensive word to coloured skin people especially Italian, which is throughout the whole novel to inspire readers in racist issues. For instant, Ivy comes from high-class Australian family, who is not accept Josie as an Australia, but a completely Italian immigrant with strong Italian culture background. This idea is clearly expressed in these words â€Å"You’re a new Australians wear black a lot don’t you Josephine? â€Å"Looking for Alibrandi† emphasises some important cultural, relationship and social and racial prejudices among people from different cultural background. It examines the strength and resilience of Josie to cope with the relationship with family, John Barton’s dead and Jacob Coot’s sexual advance, and the intolerance of Italian traditions by Nonna. This novel makes readers aware of to see the beauty in other culture, because the world has many different cultures, we need to be respect, although there may have something that you may not except. Looking for Alibrandi Essay Example Looking for Alibrandi Essay She feels caught in a claustrophobic trap between family lives obsessed with tradition, a trice disciplined Catholic school and trying to find herself and her position as a teenage girl. Throughout the novel Josses is constantly changing her views on people, and experiences her share of emotional upheaval as she comes to realize that a perfect world consists of more than Just gorgeous hairstyles, rich boyfriends and social privileges. It is a common representation throughout the novel that Josses Librarian is a selfish and egotistical girl whose internal angst and whose conflict with others all stemmed from her expectations that others should conform to meet her deeds. This can be seen In her Interactions with her close family members Christina. Nana and Michael. She also selfish towards her friends John and Jacob. Josses and her mothers relationship Is rocky, this Is shown when Josses attacks her mothers desires to go out on a date. Josses was constantly reminded of her mothers failures and sacrifices she made while raising Josses as a single mother. We will write a custom essay sample on Looking for Alibrandi specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Looking for Alibrandi specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Looking for Alibrandi specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer She felt suffocated by this love and rebelled against it believing if she was not allowed happiness and freedom, no one else should find that happiness either. A prime example of Jokes selfishness towards her mothers want and needs can be seen In chapter kneel. Jokes volatile relationship and lack of understanding towards her personal mother and any possible chance of her finding a new partner, is evident when Christina is invited on a date. Upon Josses hearing about the pending date, she shouts hurtful UN-retractable statements. Like when Christina tells Josses she Is going out on a date, straight away Josses comes out with I dont care. She doesnt listen to what the mum says. She argues about everything and doesnt think. Josses verbally attacks Christina who after having enough of all the arguing snaps back Dont you speak In that bad language If you have nothing nice to say, get out. Peg 98 Josses Immediately only thinks of herself and yells Oh. Great. She starts going out with m en on a regular basis and shes ready to kick me out Christina is left confused, wondering what she had done to deserve this. She isnt allowed to have a night off. Josses refuses to understand her position and yells, Screw your understanding. To top the argument off, she yells as her mother was about to leave, l hope die during he night and you regret it for the rest of your life. The maturity Josses had been keen to demonstrate, quickly diminished and was replaced with childish desperation, suddenly grasping at not wanting to be left behind. Whether just for this date or the rest of her life. She did not give any thought for her mothers happiness only her own. Clearly Joules selfishness and lack of respect for her mother Is at Its worst at this point in the book. Sole Allays aggression towards near Tanner, NAS no compassion Ana expects I always conform o her needs. In chapter six, Jokes second encounter with Michael Intranet, she feels as if he disgraced her and her mother. Josses discussed her emotions and they agreed to keep out of each others lives with Josses stating, how dare you think that I want to be in your life! I dont want you anywhere near us Peg 69 and as he promised to do the same, they shook on it. Further along in the book, Josses had to rely on the relationship with her father to avoid a possible lawsuit and her father obliged at short notice and conditions. Michael Intranet showed up at the office, confused about the last time they both talked. He played along with what she needed help sorting out, but when he asked her What did she say to you? Peg 86 her response was Nothing After getting him to leave work and go to her school, after she had agreed to have nothing to do with him, then she doesnt co operate. On top of Josses being very pleased to not have to explain the situation with her mother, she was also aware of her victory in the social playground at school. It wasnt until she needed her dad for something that she was ready to be best buddies and pretend eke everything is k. She expects that as a dad he should drop everything on any circumstances. Nana and Josses have an intense relationship, the culture, generation gap and family curse, igniting many arguments and differences between them. The tense connection between Katie and Josses is a result of Josses being unable to respect her grandmother. Her grandmother was following the stereotypical Italian civilization. This strain is obvious when Josses says Maybe thats what I dislike about Nana referring to her grandmother following traditional Italian culture. Whilst Josses and Nana were having conversation in chapter three Josses fired back mean comments and argued about everything. Well, I guess that means you did a pretty hopeless Job as a mother Peg 37 shows Josses doesnt respect her elders. In a world where imposing a view that illegitimacy is appalling and outrageous, and as a consequence casing Katie, who has lived most of her life by societys rules and sets of laws, feels humiliated of her unlawful grand daughter and consequently causes the relationship between Katie, and Josses to deteriorate. In chapter 25 Josses found out that Nana slept with Marcus Sanford. When she found out, without trying to hear the other side of the situation and giving it any thought on how she was going to tell Nana, she said mirrored a liar. Whilst thinking to herself l wanted to hit her in rage. Later during the one-way argument she had caused she thinks, l was shouting and she was crying, but I was too shocked to care. Jose then gets really angry with out letting it settle in l hate you Not because of my life. But because of my mothers. Im never going to come and visit you again, unless Mama is here. If you complain to her and she forces me to mom here, Ill tell her everything. Peg 218 It wasnt fair to choose sides without hearing the full story and why Nana did what she did. Jokes using the newly found information to benefit herself and gives no thought to how Nana feels hiding this secret (curse) for so long. Jokes relationship with John Barton and Jacob Cote are very important to her in Deterrent ways. Joules near Is torn Detente teem to D n. Seen Delves In tenet own ways, they appear to have it all Jacob Cote does whatever he wants, wears whatever he wants and appears to have no worries in the world. She fails to see past her false perception of their lives to their real feelings. Early in the novel in chapter 5, when Josses Librarian agrees to get a lift from Jacob Cote. The only vehicle in sight is a panel van and she disapproves immediately saying. A panel van? Oh no! Im going home with the wrong guy! Josses is not Cinderella and should stop measuring every guy against prince charming. She is even more shocked when her lift turns out to be a motorbike. In chapter 10 Jacob Cote asked her out but the only way she would agree was if he meets her mum, Jacob said, l dont meet mothers. Josses should have at least understood and been less Judgmental when Jacob rocked up to her front door in his movie clothes. When they were out of mums reach of hearing Josses say, muff occurrence! followed up with How dare you? A little later on Josses ditched Jacob at the cinema without even giving him a chance to explain or letting him know. Jokes expectations were too high and after storming out she thought, A ten-minute date, I thought, as I walked home. I thought seriously of writing to The Guinness Book of Records. Peg 124. She doesnt care about others and of Jacobs circumstance of not having a mother. When she went to see a movie with John Barton and didnt tell Jacob, he ended up seeing them both together and got very angry. She didnt think of how it would have felt for him knowing she likes John. When Jacob Cote asked her if he went out with Iranian to the movies how would she feel, her response was Id be angry. Only thinking of herself and her own needs. The other important male relationship in Jokes life was John Barton, who she dreamed of spending the rest of her life with. John with his upper epsilon life in the spotlight, gorgeous looks, high profile, intelligent and could have anyone he wants. When he took his life Josses concentrated on how she felt betrayed and hurt blaming him for her loneliness. She Believed he had everything, including the world at his feet she could not see that he had serious problems. John felt the only way that he could feel free was to end his life. After Johns death, Josses shows that she still doesnt completely understand that wealth and a high social class doesnt make someone happy. How dare he kill himself when hes never had any worries! Hes not a hog How could somebody with so much going for him do that? (IPPP). Michael explains that social class and wealth has nothing to do with being happy. Instead of being sad for him dying she said, l hate him Hes a bastard. Not thinking of why he did what he did or how people closer to him were feeling, or how was put under a great deal of stress and his parents were pressuring him to be the top of everything. Josses could not relate nor did she try to see that anyone in Johns position could possibly need anything, be scared of find life intimidating. Josses only saw these as problems she faced. In conclusion the main theme in the novel is the search for Jokes identity. Josses felt like she didnt fit in at the beginning and that she wanted to escape her Australian- Italian Docudrama Seen also Tell Seen Llanos unreason near Tamely, causing near to dislike them. Towards the end she is grateful and understands not everything happens her way and turns out the way she planed. She has got her life back on track and started opening up with relationships with her family.

light skin essays

light skin essays Do black men prefer light-skinned women to dark-skinned women? From the founding of this counnty black have always been connected second class citizens. We were brought over here on slave ships and even on in first constitution the American we were considered 3/5 of a person. The American society has been made to exclude the black people. Look at the corporate America. It is made up mostly of white males and the people in the corporate world control most of the money and money is power. It has been this way since the creation of the American colonies. One way that blacks have gained some ground is through affirmative action. Affirmative action and other equal opportunity policies work because they have the ability to provide opportunities to groups and individuals that would not receive them otherwise. Affirmative action has created opportunities for people to go to college to further their education and has provided the means for people to work for a particular organization. It has allowed disadvantaged individuals some semblance of the same rights and opportunities that "all of us" are supposed to possess. The idea of a "level playing" field is embodied in the language and ideology behind the goals of Affirmative Action. The issue of skin tone with African Americans and how it relates to the male and female relation stems back to the stereotype that white is right. This oppression has been floating around the African American society for years. It starts back with colonization of the African Continent and how the European forced their culture on us through religion and colonization. They change the African culture by incorporating Europeans way of life and thinking. For example, light skin is perceived as beautiful and black people use endless chemicals to straighten their hair hence look more like white people. When in actuality our hair is naturally kinky. In todays society the light skin w...

UN Millennium Development Goals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

UN Millennium Development Goals - Essay Example The targets set by United Nations are to ensure access to safe drinking water and safe sanitation mechanism to 50% population of the world by 2015. Moreover the resolution requires all the member countries of the United Nations to implement legislation to ensure sustainable development in all fields of technology in order to protect the environment for future generations (United Nations, 2011). Forests are deemed as natural lungs of the environment and are significantly important for ensuring consistency in carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations in the natural air. Despite various incentives and recommendations provided by the United Nations, during the decade 2000-2010 South America and Africa lost 3.4% and 4% of the forests respectively, however the rate of deforestation did not rise considerably because Asia gained 2.2% of its total forested area during the same period. Despite the global recession, the various industrial units and vehicles in the world added 30.1 billion metric tons carbon dioxide to the atmosphere in 2008, 1.7 percent more than 2007 (UNEP, 2008). The Montreal Protocol have been very successful in this regard because under this protocol, the use of most of the ozone depleting substances have been controlled and the ozone levels are on the rise, with scientists expecting them to reach pre-1980’s levels by the middle of the century (World Bank, 2008). Provision of clean drinking water is still one of the major concerns and the increasing unplanned urbanization is further aggravating the situation. According to recent estimates, only 20% of the people living in the cities of Africa have access to clean and safe drinking water. The targets of sanitation are also far from being achieved and 2.6 billion people in the world still lack improved sanitation facilities (United Nations Office of High Commissioner on Human